Environmental Studies

Environmental Studies Sustainable Development â€Å"Sustainability is refers to the indefinite use of available natural resources without ever causing depletion of the energy or material sources on which man depends; while, development is the continued improvement of living standards as a result of economic growth† (Dahir, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental Studies Sustainable Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More â€Å"Therefore, sustainable development refers to the development that meets the needs of the present generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs† (Dahir, 2010). There are three main approaches that are used to categorise sustainable development: These include; the economic, ecological; and socio-cultural approaches. Figure 1.0 shows the interrelation between the social, environmental and economic aspects of sustainability and how they bring about a sustainable development. Figure 1.0: â€Å"Scheme of Sustainable Development at the confluence of three constituent parts†.  Source: Wikipedia (2006). Economic Approach From this approach, the idea of sustainability is that future living standards should not be prevented from further improvement or maintenance by current decisions. Therefore, the economic systems should allow for transition into the future without depletion of earlier investments and savings. Ecological Approach This approach holds that sustainable development involves ensuring that the following are achieved:Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Genetic diversity is preserved. Life support systems and essential ecological processes are maintained. Ecosystems and species are utilized in an efficient manner. Socio-cultural Approach This approach characterizes sustainable developmen t in relation to developing and developed countries as a deep and profound change in the following: Political, Social, Economic; Institutional; And technological order. The following are elements that can be used to measure achievement of a sustainable development: Living Standards: Access to clean drinking water which promotes healthy living. Proper Sanitation: Attributed to good drainage systems, clean latrines and toilets, and efficient waste management practices. Improved Infrastructure: The existence of good communication and transport systems helps in promoting tourism and reducing accidents. Political Stability: Allows for equitable distribution of resources. Population Numbers: There is a controlled growth rate which reduces overexploitation of resources like land, water and forests. High Literacy: High levels of literacy improve knowledge and impacts ability to utilize available resources in a sustainable manner. Relevance of Sustainable Development Humans as a Threat G enerally, man is considered as the greatest threat to realization of a sustainable environment. The rate at which man uses resources is higher than the rate of replacement of such resources (Accor, 2008). Globally, there is a heavy dependence on forests for wood, fuel and charcoal. Despite the high rate of tree harvesting, there are little efforts to replace them. Also, other types of tree species take many years to grow and mature. Therefore, since the rate of usage is very high, the numbers of trees are reduced by a certain percentage every year. These results in global warming and reduction in the amount of received rainfall (UNESCO, 2009): Hence, future generations are exposed to the risk of getting an unsustainable environment. Ecosystem’s Lack of Self-sustainability The ecosystem is not self sustainable, therefore, man has to play a major role in order to create a sustainable environment. For example, responsibilities should be assumed for every resources used in any development (UNESCO, 2009). For instance, when a tree is cut, it is advisable to replace it with more than one. This would mean that future generation would have a chance to use the same species for own sustainable development. Long-run Sustainability A long-term sustainability can only be achieved through practice of a sustainable development (UNESCO, 2009). The use of resources in an irresponsible manner leads to environmental depreciation. This results in depletion of resources, reduced productivity, global warming and many other negative effects. As such, a sustainable approach to development should be practiced for to realize long-term benefits.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental Studies Sustainable Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Future Generations A sustainable development is required in order for future generation to have a share of the current resources, and in a sustainable way (UN ESCO, 2009). Therefore, a sustainable development ensures that all the necessary requirements for sustainable future are in at reach. Depletion of resources is eliminated and the chances of future generations to suffer from unsustainable environment are reduced. Therefore, future generations will have accessibility to clean water, a green and productive environment, and resources like land will be available. Challenges of Sustainable Development Despite the urgent need for a sustainable development, there are many challenges that make its achievement difficult. Some of the challenges are; poverty, population sizes, poor policies, market failures, resource depletion, political instability, and lack of participation. These challenges are discussed in the following paragraphs. Poverty Poverty is characterised by a situation where people cannot afford the most basic needs for life (Dahir, 2010). It is one of the biggest challenges to achievement of a sustainable development. A poor soci ety tends to over-depend on forests for sustainability. As a result, depletion of forests which causes encroachment by deserts; thus, reduced annual rainfall, drying up of rivers, reduction in crop production, occurrence of famines and an unstable economy. However, poverty will continue to remain a major challenge since the number of poor people increases globally: Poverty is the overriding theme of sustainable development. Globally, 1.3 billion people live in absolute poverty (less than 1 dollar per day). Since the 1992 Rio Conference, the number of people living in absolute poverty has increased. As seen in figure 2.0, 82.7% of the global income goes to the 20% of the wealthiest global population (The Society Pages, 2009). Also, most of the investments are owned by this category of the wealthy as shown by the graph (Figure 2.0) associated to the richest global population. Figure 2.0: â€Å"Champagne Glass Distribution of Wealth†.  Source: The Society Pages (2009).Adve rtising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Population A high population results in increased pressure on the available resources (Accor, 2008). More people increase the demand for resources such as land, water, food, health facilities. As such, the fast increase in global population negatively impacts on achievement of a sustainable development (Dahir, 2010). The world’s population facts and its effects are as described below. World population is predicted to reach 8 billion people by the year 2020. This is stated as a fourfold increase as compared to 1920s growth rate. Will result in stiffer competition on land and water resources. These may result in conflicts, thus, hinder sustainable development. Also, threatens the survival and livelihood of people living at subsistence level. Participation The lack of participation in sustainable development activities negatively impacts on the realization of a sustainable development. Many people do not participate in designing of developmental programs. Important advice and opinions from potential people lack. The chief pioneers of such programs become demoralized. These may result in failure of important sustainability projects. Policy Market Failure A sustainable development can be hindered from realization by poor policies and market failures in the following ways (ILO, 2008): Existing environmental laws and policies are undermined by some countries. Some see such policies as an extra cost to their economy, yet irrelevant. Omission – not intervening when necessary. Commissions of such policies include; Conducting Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA), Land use Planning, and Development Planning (Swanson Laszlo, 2009). Alternative Energy Sources: It is advisable to use alternative sources of energy so as to reduce depletion of forest and other important resources. This may help to check the rate of global warming and realize a self sustainable development for long-term. Environmental Education: Creation of awareness on the need for a sus tainable environment should be encouraged through environmental education. This will increase the knowledge for the need, thus, people will help in the achievement of the dream (Swanson Laszlo, 2009). References Accor (2008) The Challenges of Sustainable Development. Web. Accor. Available  from: accor.com/en/sustainable-development/earth-guest-program/ challenges.html . Dahir, H. (2010) The challenges of achieving sustainable development in both  developed and developing countries, and their adjustments. Web. Free Online Articles Directory. Available from: articlesbase.com/ environment-articles/the-challenges-of-achieving-sustainable-development-in-both-developed-and-developing-countries-and-their-adjustments-3383258.html#axzz1PLFSY6G3 . ILO (2008) Global Challenges for Sustainable Development: Strategies for Green  Jobs. Web. G8 Labor and Employment Ministers Conference. Niigata, Japan. Available from: ilo.org/public/english/bureau/dgo/speeches/ somavia/2008/ g8paper.pdf . Swanson, D., and Laszlo, P. (2009) National Strategies for Sustainable  Development: Challenges, Approaches and Innovations in Strategic Co-ordinated Actions. Web. Environmental Policy Research Centre, Frele University of Berlin. Available from: iisd.org/pdf/2004/measure_nat strategies_sd.pdf . The Society Pages (2009) Graphic Sociology: Champagne Glass Distribution of  Wealth. Web. The Society Pages. Available from: http://thesocietypages. org/graphicsociology/2009/05/27/champagne-glass-distribution-of-wealth/ . UNESCO (2009) Relevance of ESD for Key Sustainable Development Challenge.  Web. ESD World Conference 2009. Available from: esd-world-conference-2009.org/en/programme/workshops/relevance-of-esd-for-key-sustainable-development-challenge.html . Wikipedia (2006) Scheme of Sustainable Development at the confluence of three  constituent parts. Web. The Free Encyclopedia Wikipedia. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Sustainable development .

SAT Results in Physics to Impress College Admissions

SAT Results in Physics to Impress College Admissions Because most colleges that ask for SAT Subject Tests are highly selective, you will most likely want a score in the 700s if youre going to succeed in impressing the admissions officers. The exact score is going to depend on the school, so this article will provide a general overview of what defines a good Physics SAT Subject Test score and what some colleges say about the exam. Subject Tests vs. the General SAT The percentiles for SAT Subject Test scores cant be compared to general SAT scores because the subject tests are taken by an entirely different student population. Because the test is required primarily by some of the nations top colleges and universities, the students who take SAT Subject Tests tend to be high achievers. The regular SAT, on the other hand, is required by a wide range of schools, including many that are not selective at all. As a result, the average scores for SAT Subject Tests are significantly higher than those for the regular SAT. For the Physics SAT Subject Test, the mean score is 664  (compared to a mean of about 500 for individual sections of the regular SAT).   While no tool exists for you to calculate your chance of admission based on the Physics exam, you can figure out your chance of admission based on your GPA and general SAT scores. What Subject Test Scores Do Colleges Want? Most colleges do not publicize their SAT Subject Test admissions data. However, for elite colleges, you will ideally have scores in the 700s. Here are what a few colleges say about the SAT Subject Tests: MIT: The Massachusetts Institute of Technologys admissions website states that the middle 50% of students scored between 720 and 800 on SAT II Subject Tests in the sciences.Middlebury College: The prestigious liberal arts college in Vermont claims that they tend to receive SAT Subject Test scores in the low to middle 700s.Princeton University:  This elite Ivy League school states that the middle 50% of admitted applicants averaged scores between 710 and 790 on their three highest SAT II Subject Tests.UCLA: As one of the top public universities, UCLA states that about 75% of admitted students scored between 700 and 800 on their best SAT Subject Test, and the average score for the best SAT Subject Test was 734 (675 for the second best subject).Williams College: Over half of matriculated students scored between a 700 and 800 on their SAT Subject Tests. As this limited data shows, a strong application will usually have SAT Subject Test scores in the 700s. Realize, however, that all elite schools have a holistic admissions process, and significant strengths in other areas can make up for a less-than-ideal test score. Your academic record will be more important than any test scores, especially if you do well in challenging college preparatory courses. Your AP, IB, dual enrollment, and/or honors courses will all play an important role in the admissions equation. Colleges will also want to see strong non-numerical evidence of your preparedness for college. A winning application essay, meaningful extracurricular activities, glowing letters of recommendation, and other factors can make an application stand out even when the test scores arent quite what you had hoped for. Very few colleges use the Physics SAT Subject Test to award course credit or to place students out of introductory level courses. A good score on the AP Physics exam, however, often will earn students college credit (especially the Physics-C exam). Physics SAT Subject Test Scores and Percentiles Physics SAT Subject Test Scores and Percentiles Physics SAT Subject Test Score Percentile 800 87 780 80 760 74 740 67 720 60 700 54 680 48 660 42 640 36 620 31 600 26 580 22 560 18 540 15 520 12 500 10 480 7 460 5 440 3 420 2 400 1 Data from the College Board Examine the correlation between Physics SAT Subject Test scores and the percentile ranking of students who took the exam. Nearly half of all people who took the exam scored a 700 or higher, a far bigger percentage than with the regular SAT. 67 percent of test takers scored a 740 or below on the Physics SAT Subject Test. In 2017, only 56,243 students took the Physics SAT Subject Test.